\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n
1.1 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ISO 9001\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 GB\/T 1094 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 10228 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n 1.2 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong> 1.3 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/strong> 1.4 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> 2. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 (IQC)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u2014 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n 2.1 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n 2.2 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a (A) \u0648(B) \u0648(C) \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 (A) \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 (C) \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 100%. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u2014 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a \u2014 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 (IQC) \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 8D” \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 (Batch) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 “\u0634\u064a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646” (SHENDIAN).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n 3. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 IPQC + \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n 3.1 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/strong> 3.2 \u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong> 3.3 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/strong> 3.4 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0633.<\/p>\n 3.5 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0630\u0648\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 – \u0643\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 – \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u061b \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 “\u0634\u064a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646” (SHENDIAN).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n 4. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a FQC \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 (OQC)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (FQC) \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 100%) \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 (Type Tests) \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n 4.1 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 (\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a (\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062b (\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0644 (No-load)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 (\u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 (Dry-type)\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629)\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n 4.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 (OQC)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 OQC \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631) \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a (\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631). \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n 5. \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629: \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n 5.1 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a: \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d) \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0643\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0646\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0644 (\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a) \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 “\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648” \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b (\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n 5.2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0636\u063a\u0637\u0629 \u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n 5.3 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0646\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 (\u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628)\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (QE) \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 “8D” (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 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![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.cnbcsd.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/3-1.jpg\")
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\n\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0635 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649: \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a (\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0634) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637. \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0644 (no-load loss)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (IPQC) \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649). \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0644\u061b \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0635\u0651\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n
\n\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a (inter-turn short)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 (\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 100%\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 (\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644).<\/p>\n
\n\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 (spacers)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 (leads)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627: \u062a\u064f\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0638\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n
\n\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 – \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a – \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.cnbcsd.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/41.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.cnbcsd.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/51.jpg\")
<\/p>\n